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Fluorescence is the emission of visible light by a substance that has absorbed light of a different wavelength. In most cases, absorption of light of a smaller wavelength induces emission of light with a larger wavelength. A smaller wavelength emission is sometimes observed from multiple photon absorption, but this occurs only under conditions of intense radiation such as are just available with laser light. The energy difference between the absorbed and emitted photons is dissipated in the fluorescent material, via internal molecular vibrations and eventually heat. The most striking examples of this phenomenon occur when the absorbed photon is in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum, and is thus invisible, and the emitted light is in the visible region. Practical applications of this effect are found in mineralogy, gemology, chemical sensors, fluorescent labelling, dyes, biological detectors etc. Newer applications of fluorescent compounds are being explored daily. The term 'fluorescence' was coined by George Gabriel Stokes in his 1852 paper; the name was suggested "to denote the general appearance of a solution of sulphate of quinine and similar media". The name itself was derived from the mineral fluorite (calcium difluoride), some examples of which contain traces of divalent europium, which serves as the fluorescent activator to provide a blue fluorescent emission. The fluorite which provoked the observation originally, and which remains one of the most outstanding examples of the phenomenon, originated from the Weardale region, of northern England. In the mid 1990s, white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) became available, which work through a similar process. Typically, the actual light-emitting semiconductor produces light in the blue part of the spectrum, which strikes a phosphor compound deposited on the chip; the phosphor fluoresces from the green to red part of the spectrum. The combination of the blue light that goes through the phosphor and the light emitted by the phosphor produce a net emission of white light. Glow sticks sometimes utilize fluorescent materials to absorb light from the chemiluminescent reaction and emit light of a different color. [READ THE REST OF THIS ARTICLE]
